周黎明 @
李安的电影作品渗透了儒家文化的精神，而且润物细无声，如同一位高超的太极大师，把悲喜不形于色的低调和优雅，融合在各种背景各个年代的故事中。《断背山》是他这种纯中国式美学的又一体现。
Lee's Angst
By every indication, "Brokeback Mountain" is the frontrunner in the coming Oscar race. Dubbed jokingly or disparagingly as the "gay cowboy movie," it has plunged into the mythology of American masculinity - the epic Western as a Hollywood genre - with such a subversive force that some view the John Wayne characters and all those buddy roles in a suspicious light.
The movie, about a pair of ranch hands who, in the early 60s, stumble into a passionate affair and continue their forbidden romance for 20 years, is adapted from a short story by Pulitzer-winning Annie Proulx. With a young cast of promising talent, it has emerged from the closet as an unlikely landmark in cultural America. Some critics wonder aloud why at the helm is a director as far removed from the great American West as could be.
Ang Lee started his filmmaking career in the early 1990s with a trilogy of Chinese-language chamber dramas with the father-knows-best theme. Since then, he has been bouncing from genre to genre in a diversification scheme that has defied conventional wisdom.
Lee explains that it does not come by design. For example, he did not set out to make a gay Western, but was, first of all, moved by the story and the emotional wallop it packed. What he saw was a subtext that's universal, that people from any background, regardless of sexual orientation, can relate to.
Behind his genre-busting spree is a common thread that treats all human beings with sympathy and understanding. In "Brokeback," the wives are not brushed aside as an inconvenience in plot device, as happens with many other on-screen love stories. As a matter of fact, the agony of the protagonist's wife is brought into sharp focus.
Similarly, in "Eat Drink Man Woman," audiences are not led to identify with only the father or the daughters, but understand the rationale behind each one of them and the dynamics of their relationship. Thus, the characters are not one-dimensional, but richly nuanced and full of humanity, which can strike a chord with people beyond their specific time or place.
Ironically, this universality in perception does not come from delving into each character's world, but by taking a step back. Lee attributes it to his "outsider" status. As he was born and grew up in Taiwan, he felt his cultural roots were in the mainland, where his parents were from. After he moved to the US, he was a Chinese in foreign land. But when he came back to China, China had changed so much that again he felt like an outsider.
Such a constant sense of being a stranger in a strange land could crush someone with less capability for inner peace, but Ang Lee, while admitting to being repressed and withdrawn, turned the handicap into a vintage point for observation. "I did a women's movie, and I'm not a woman. I did a gay movie, and I'm not gay. I learned as I went along," he once said. And he always manages to find a "middle road" between getting under the skin of his characters and standing back to place them in perspective.
Identity
Ang Lee, as a Chinese American, straddles two cultures. But is he more Chinese or more American?
Hollywood has an army of expatriate filmmakers, from Fritz Lang to Wolfgang Petersen. Their career paths were as clear-cut as a two-step dance: They started in their own countries and graduated to the most powerful base of the film industry. Lee is different; he glides back and forth. For a while, Hollywood considered him "almost one of our own" as he was educated in New York and is comfortable with English-language projects; but then he won an Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film at the turn of the millennium for "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon," an honour usually reserved for un-Hollywood-like achievement.
Paradoxically, the same film gave Chinese audiences a hard time to categorize. While Lee had expected it to be a hit in China and a flop in the US, it turned out just the opposite. Moviegoers here were blase about it, and truly puzzled when it nabbed 10 Oscar nominations. Some rationalized that Westerners had never seen a Chinese martial arts flick, in which people can fly and perform other superhuman stunts.
Then Zhang Yimou's "Hero" came out, and critics in China suddenly realized how good "Crouching Tiger" really was, in retrospect. While Zhang's follow-up in the martial arts pantheon was awash in vacuous extravagance, Lee's was subdued and multi-layered. He had made a masterpiece that did not follow the King Hu and Chang Che tradition of sands and blood, but displayed restraint and texture - the so-called "southern style" of genteel swordplay.
It was from this time on that people woke up to the possibility that Ang Lee, for all his exposure to the West, could be more traditionally Chinese than the film-makers residing in China.
Confucian film-maker
"Ang Lee is steeped in Confucianism," comments Huang Haikun, editor-in-chief of Shanghai-based Movie View magazine. "One might be tricked by his deftness with American or British subject matters. But there is no contradiction here. Because he is so at ease with his own cultural identity he is always able to find the larger picture of his characters, whatever their nationality, gender or sexuality, and touch their souls."
Lee's "Chineseness" goes beyond employing a token Chinese actor or creating a plot line that involves his homeland. It is his way of thinking and seeing and even his way of being. When people in China came face to face with him, they were struck by his "ru" manners, or literally, Confucian demeanour.
Like his personality, he is never loud in his movies, but low-key and elegiac. A few years ago, he told The New York Times that the film with the biggest influence on him was the 1963 musical "Love Eterne" (Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai). He analyzed scene by scene how the lovers exchanged furtive glances and used water sleeve - the dainty Chinese opera movement - to express their pent-up longings.
It is not surprising that this technique has seeped into Lee's non-Chinese-themed works. He is like the Chinese tai chi master - but unlike the father figure in his debut "Pushing Hands" - at times delicate and at times firm, always graceful and persuasive, but a bit too deliberate paced for those with short attention span.
In the topsy-turvy world of contemporary cinema, Ang Lee is the ultimate master of words left unsaid and passions viewed in dispassionate light. He is the lord of Confucian moderation and serenity. Hollywood may not know how to categorize him, but they are impressed because the best of his films can break all the layers of social masks and hit a nerve.
Ang Lee's Filmography
Ang Lee's oeuvre traverses nations and cultures, but is united by a sensitivity that is intrinsically Chinese yet rendered universal by a special touch uniquely Lee's, which Chinese critics call "Confucian."
Pushing Hands (1992)
Lee's directorial debut tackles cultural conflicts head-on as he depicts a retired tai chi master clashing with his American daughter-in-law in their New York home.
The Wedding Banquet (1993)
On top of the national and linguistic divide, Lee steps up a notch by adding a sexual identity mix. And he handles it with a kind of humour and sensitivity rarely seen in gay cinema, if such a genre exists.
Eat Drink Man Woman (1994)
Generational discord is depicted with such minutiae and loving care that is almost embraced. The most outwardly "Confucian" of his work, this ensemble film features narrative mastery and character studies in perfect balance.
Sense and Sensibility (1995)
Lee moves effortlessly into the territory of early 19-century England, infusing this impeccably pedigreed literary adaptation of a Jane Austin classic with a transcendence that turns the comedy of manners into a Peking Opera sleeve dance.
The Ice Storm (1997)
Lee brings the same Zen-like cool-headedness to a tumultuous period in suburban America, where social mores are pummelled and shaped by a storm of outside forces.
Ride with the Devil (1999)
Lee's further foray into American history provides a contrast with the more usual Civil War epics like "The Patriot," substituting rousing flag-waving with contemplation.
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000)
A martial arts movie that is so poetic and lyrical that it revolutionizes the genre, opening the vista for international filmgoers to the allure of Chinese cinema and opening doors for others like Zhang Yimou's Hero.
Hulk (2003)
The gentle master meets his biggest challenge when breaking into the wham-bang cosmos of American comic action. The result is mixed as some laud his depiction of internal repression while others see it as tedious and turgid.
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
Whether one deems it breaking thematic ground or just another heartbreaking love story, the art of Ang Lee shimmers serenely when it explores complex relationships and captures subtle moments that elevate an otherwise niche film to landmark status.
Plaudits, mostly
While most American critics sing praise to "Brokeback Mountain," few seem to be aware of the connecting dots between this shoo-in for Oscar nomination and the director's erstwhile efforts or traces of his art from his cultural upbringing. Here are a few samples of the reviews of his latest offering:
That most chameleonlike of directors, Ang Lee, pulls off yet another surprising left turn in "Brokeback Mountain."
-- Todd McCarthy, Variety
Lee's filmmaking mastery has never been more evident.
-- Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
Director Lee, whose insights and mastery of film have already been amply demonstrated in such previous works as "The Ice Storm" and "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon," has reached an artistic pinnacle here.
-- Peter Howell, Toronto Star
Lee's adroitness with the excellent cast is on full display.
-- Ray Bennett, The Hollywood Reporter
Lee films it with the studied frankness of a boxing match or a nature documentary.
-- Ty Burr, Boston Globe
From the opening scene of semiconscious cruising to the final scene of ultimate bereavement, Lee's accomplishment is to make this saga a universal romance.
-- J. Hoberman, The Village Voice
Ang Lee is a director whose films are set in many nations and many times. What they have in common is an instinctive sympathy for the characters.
-- Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times
Lee’s helplessly good taste, which has proved both a gift and a curb, was always going to lure him away from sweating limbs and toward the coupling of souls.
-- Anthony Lane, The New Yorker
Director Ang Lee -- who knows his way around gay love ("The Wedding Banquet"), confining social strictures and rituals ("Eat, Drink, Man, Woman," "Sense and Sensibility") and the wages of repression ("The Hulk") -- treats the source material with such deference that it's as if the entire movie were made in New Yorker typescript.
-- Ann Hornaday, Washington Post
